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Basics of IoT › Device Layer
Layer 1

Device Layer

Devices interacting with the physical world — sensors, actuators, and embedded systems that capture and respond to real-world data.

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Topics in This Layer

Select a topic to read a full article.

🌡️

Sensors

Temperature, humidity, pressure, motion, and optical sensors that digitize the physical world.

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🔲

Microcontrollers

Low-power CPUs like ESP32 and Arduino that run firmware and control hardware peripherals.

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📡

Connectivity Modules

WiFi, Bluetooth, LoRa, Zigbee, and cellular radios that connect devices to networks.

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🔋

Power Systems

Battery management, energy harvesting, and low-power design for field-deployed IoT nodes.

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💾

Embedded Operating Systems

RTOS and bare-metal environments — FreeRTOS, Zephyr, and MicroPython explained.

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