Devices interacting with the physical world — sensors, actuators, and embedded systems that capture and respond to real-world data.
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Temperature, humidity, pressure, motion, and optical sensors that digitize the physical world.
Low-power CPUs like ESP32 and Arduino that run firmware and control hardware peripherals.
WiFi, Bluetooth, LoRa, Zigbee, and cellular radios that connect devices to networks.
Battery management, energy harvesting, and low-power design for field-deployed IoT nodes.
RTOS and bare-metal environments — FreeRTOS, Zephyr, and MicroPython explained.